As became increasingly clear during the briefing, Spicer no longer has a handle on the White House’s collapsing definition of “fake news.” One minute, it was.We provide excellent essay writing service 24/7. Enjoy proficient essay writing and custom writing services provided by professional academic writers. Although she was but forty-five, some obscure disease had taken the fire out of her figure. Scientific racism - Wikipedia. For for the biological concept of race, see Race (biology). Scientific racism (sometimes race biology or racial biology. Historically it received credence in the scientific community, but is no longer considered scientific. Scientific racism was common during the period from 1. World War I. Since the second half of 2. For all practical social purposes 'race' is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of 'race' has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years, it has taken a heavy toll in human lives, and caused untold suffering. Critics argue that such works postulate racist conclusions unsupported by available evidence. Publications such as the Mankind Quarterly, founded explicitly as a . The 1. 1th century Muslim scholar Al- Biruni wrote that the Indians call the foreigners impure. In the eyes of a Hindu, a Pariah (outcast) and a European are on the same level. The Chinese writers also referred to the Europeans as barbarians. BC), said.. This poverty of blood makes them over- timid to stand up against the sword .. On the other hand, men born in cold countries are, indeed, ready to meet the shock of arms with great courage and without timidity. Monogenism contends that all races have a single origin, while polygenism is the idea that each race has a separate origin. Until the 1. 8th century, the words . Henri de Boulainvilliers. Boyle believed in what today is called 'monogenism', that is, that all races, no matter how diverse, came from the same source, Adam and Eve. He studied reported stories of parents' giving birth to different coloured albinos, so he concluded that Adam and Eve were originally white and that whites could give birth to different coloured races. Theories of Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton about color and light via optical dispersion in physics were also extended by Robert Boyle into discourses of polygenesis. However, Boyle's writings mention that at his time, for . The Frankish aristocracy dominated the Gauls by innate right of conquest, the contrary of modern nationalism. Germanic and Latin- speaking peoples in France. His theoretic racialism was distinct from the biologic facts manipulated in 1.
Cultural relativism)Voltaire. He was a polygenist: one who believed that each race had separate origins. Voltaire found biblical monogenism laughable, as he expressed: It is a serious question among them whether the Africans are descended from monkeys or whether the monkeys come from them. Our wise men have said that man was created in the image of God. Now here is a lovely image of the Divine Maker: a flat and black nose with little or hardly any intelligence. A time will doubtless come when these animals will know how to cultivate the land well, beautify their houses and gardens, and know the paths of the stars: one needs time for everything. The mucous membrane, or network, which Nature has spread between the muscles and the skin, is white in us and black or copper- colored in them. In his 1. 73. 4 book Sketches on the History of Man, Home claimed that the environment, climate, or state of society could not account for racial differences, so the races must have come from distinct, separate stocks. In Systema Naturae (1. Each one was described as possessing the following physiognomic characteristics . The sub- species included the . In Amoenitates academicae (1. Linnaeus presented the mythologic. Homo anthropomorpha (Anthropomorphic man), humanoid creatures, such as the troglodyte, the satyr, the hydra, and the phoenix, incorrectly identified as simian creatures. On the one hand, the harshest critics say that the classification not only was ethnocentric but seemed to be based upon skin- color. On the other hand, Quintyn (2. Kennedy (1. 97. 6), Linneus certainly considered his own culture better, but his motives for classification of human varieties were not race- centered. Thus, regarding this topic, they consider Linnaeus view as merely . Rice agrees that Linnaeus' classification was not meant to . In the book he claimed that the first race on Earth had been a brown and reddish colour. He distinguished four fundamental races: whites, blacks, Kalmuck, and Hindustanic, and attributed the variation to differences in environment and climate, such as the air and sun, but clarified by saying that the variation served a purpose and was not purely superficial. Kant argued that human beings were equipped with the same seeds (Keime) and the natural predispositions or characteristics (Anlagen) that when expressed were dependent upon climate and served a purpose due to the circumstance. After this process had occurred, it was also irreversible. Therefore, race could not be undone by changes in climate. The Negroes are far below them, and at the lowest point are a part of the American people. He thought that over time because of the sun, the people turned dark skinned, or . Hunter also said that blisters and burns would likely turn white on a Negro, which he believed was evidence that their ancestors were originally white. He believed that whites and Negroes were two different species. White was a believer in polygeny, the idea that different races had been created separately. His Account of the Regular Gradation in Man (1. White defended the theory of polygeny by refuting French naturalist Georges- Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon's interfertility argument, which said that only the same species can interbreed. White pointed to species hybrids such as foxes, wolves, and jackals, which were separate groups that were still able to interbreed. For White, each race was a separate species, divinely created for its own geographical region. They also believed in the . They both said that Adam and Eve were Caucasian and that other races came about by degeneration from environmental factors, such as the sun and poor dieting. They believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original Caucasian race. They suggested cold wind caused the tawny colour of the Eskimos. They thought the Chinese relatively fair skinned compared to the other Asian stocks because they kept mostly in towns and were protected from environmental factors. Buffon said that food and the mode of living could make races degenerate and differentiate them from the original Caucasian race. Blumenbach said: I have allotted the first place to the Caucasian because this stock displays the most beautiful race of men. Many scientific racialists pointed out at the time that it would have been difficult for races to change so markedly in genotype and phenotype in such a short period of time. Believing in monogenism, Buffon thought that skin colour could change in a single lifetime, depending on the conditions of climate and diet. Rush believed non- whites were really white underneath but they were stricken with a non- contagious form of leprosy which darkened their skin color. Rush drew the conclusion that . However, by the same token, whites should not intermarry with them, for this would tend to infect posterity with the 'disorder'.. Meiner studied the physical, mental and moral characteristics of each race, and built a race hierarchy based on his findings. Meiners split mankind into two divisions, which he labelled the . In Meiners's book The Outline of History of Mankind, he said that a main characteristic of race is either beauty or ugliness. He thought only the white race to be beautiful. He considered ugly races to be inferior, immoral and animal- like. He said that the dark, ugly peoples were distinct from the white, beautiful peoples by their . Meiners wrote that the Negro had thick nerves and thus was not sensitive like the other races. He went as far as to say that the Negro has . He described a story where a Negro was condemned to death by being burned alive. Halfway through the burning, the Negro asked to smoke a pipe and smoked it like nothing was happening while he continued to be burned alive. Meiners studied the anatomy of the Negro and came to the conclusion that the Negro have bigger teeth and jaws than any other race, as Negroes are all carnivores. Meiners claimed the skull of the Negro was larger but the brain of the Negro was smaller than any other race. Meiners claimed the Negro was the most unhealthy race on Earth because of its poor diet, mode of living and lack of morals. He said they could not adapt to different climates, types of food, or modes of life, and that when exposed to such new conditions, they lapse into a . Meiners studied the diet of the Americans and said they fed off any kind of . He thought they consumed very much alcohol. He believed their skulls were so thick that the blades of Spanish swords shattered on them. Meiners also claimed the skin of an American is thicker than that of an ox. They were able to conquer various parts of the world, they were more sensitive to heat and cold, and their delicacy is shown by the way they are selective about what they eat. Meiners claimed that Slavs are an inferior race, . He described stories of Slavs allegedly eating poisonous fungi without coming to any harm. He claimed that their medical techniques were also backward: he used as an example their heating sick people in ovens, then making them roll in the snow. He claimed that the African Negroids have unduly strong and perverted sex drives, whilst only the white Europeans have it just right. Later thinkers. Smith claimed that Negro pigmentation was nothing more than a huge freckle that covered the whole body as a result of an oversupply of bile, which was caused by tropical climates. Cuvier believed there were three distinct races: the Caucasian (white), Mongolian (yellow) and the Ethiopian (black). He rated each for the beauty or ugliness of the skull and quality of their civilizations. Cuvier wrote about Caucasians: .
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